Teach 1976
Project bibliography
Sources of the project “Canada Put to the Test of the World”: Montreal 1976 and the African boycott.
Start here
Fifteen readings selected by the team as an entry point.
- ↓Bancel, Nicolas. “Boycott des Jeux olympiques de Montréal en 1976 : l’émergence d’une puissance africaine ?” The Conversation, June 13, 2024. https://theconversation.com/boycott-des-jeux-olympiques-de-montreal-en-1976-lemergence-dune-force-africaine-231080.
- ↓Bancel, Nicolas, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles Boëtsch, Daphné Bolz, Yvan Gastaut, Sandrine Lemaire, and Stéphane Mourlane, eds. Une histoire mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024). Paris: Atlande, 2023. https://achac.com/programme/sports-et-diversites/publication/une-histoire-mondiale-de-lolympisme-1896-2024.
- ↓Brosseau, Louis. Les athlètes africains sur la place Rouge : Jeux olympiques de Moscou, guerre froide et diplomatie sportive. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2026.
- ↓CBC News. “What the 1976 Montreal Games Represent to Those Who Boycotted It, 50 Years Later.” July 19, 2026. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/what-the-1976-montreal-games-represent-to-those-who-boycotted-it-50-years-later-9.7269452.
- ↓Charitas, Pascal. “L’unité du monde sportif africain face à l’olympisme : influences et interdépendances dans la création du Conseil supérieur du sport en Afrique (1960-1966).” Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique, no. 158 (2023): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.4000/chrhc.22511.
- ↓Cleveland, Todd. Africa and the Olympics: Winning Away from the Podium. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2024. https://dhjhkxawhe8q4.cloudfront.net/ohio-wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/19102358/Cleveland_AfricaOlympics_Introduction.pdf.
- ↓Cornelissen, Scarlett. “Resolving ‘the South Africa Problem’: Transnational Activism, Ideology and Race in the Olympic Movement, 1960-91.” International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 1 (2011): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.525312.
- ↓Ivey, James Alexander. “From Montreal to Moscow: The Legacy of the Anti-Apartheid Olympics on the Boycott of the Cold War Games (1976-1980).” Thèse de doctorat, University of California San Diego, 2024. https://escholarship.org/content/qt1sw7z4wk/qt1sw7z4wk.pdf.
- ↓Kidd, Bruce. “The Culture Wars of the Montreal Olympics.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 27, no. 2 (1992): 151–64.
- ↓Mason, Courtney W. “The Bridge to Change: The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, South African Apartheid Policy, and the Olympic Boycott Paradigm.” In Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games, edited by Gerald P. Schaus and Stephen R. Wenn, 283–96. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. https://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/Books/O/Onward-to-the-Olympics.
- ↓Monnin, Éric, and Catherine Monnin. “Le boycott politique des Jeux olympiques de Montréal.” Relations internationales, no. 134 (2008): 93–114.
- ↓Nixon, Rob. “Apartheid on the Run: The South African Sports Boycott.” Transition, no. 58 (1992): 68–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2934968.
- ↓Richards, Trevor. “The Sunday Essay: The 1976 Montreal Boycott.” The Spinoff, December 12, 2021. https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/12-12-2021/the-sunday-essay-the-1976-montreal-boycott.
- ↓Roult, Romain, and Sylvain Lefebvre. “Planning and Reconversion of Olympic Heritages: The Montreal Olympic Stadium.” International Journal of the History of Sport 27, nos. 16–18 (2010): 2731–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.508257.
- ↓Sikes, Michelle M. “African Precedents: Southern Africa and Olympic Ultimatums, 1968-1976.” Journal of Olympic Studies 7, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.7.1.02.
300 records of 300
Primary sources (53)
- African Activist Archive. “[Notice d’organisme 210-813-65].” https://africanactivist.msu.edu/organization/210-813-65/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Assemblée générale des Nations unies. “Résolution 32/105 M : Déclaration internationale contre l’apartheid dans les sports.” December 14, 1977. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/624279.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Canada. Rapport de la Commission royale d’enquête sur l’avancement des arts, lettres et sciences au Canada, 1949-1951. Ottawa: Imprimeur du Roi, 1951.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Canada. Rapport du Groupe de travail sur la condition physique et le sport amateur au Canada. Ottawa: Ministère de la Santé nationale et du Bien-être social, 1969.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Canada, ministère des Affaires extérieures. “Déclaration sur la politique étrangère du Canada.” Déclarations et discours, no. 77/15 (July 1977).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Chambre de commerce du Montréal métropolitain. Un Parc olympique moteur de développement économique. 2019. https://www.ccmm.ca/~/media/Files/News/Memoires/2019/Memoire-CCMM_PL15-Parc-olympique.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- “Collection olympique Jean Drapeau.” n.d. Université McGill, Rare Books and Special Collections (Montréal).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Comité d’organisation des Jeux de la XXIe Olympiade (COJO). Jeux de la XXIe Olympiade, Montréal 1976 : rapport officiel. 3. Ottawa: COJO, 1978. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/Official%20Past%20Games%20Reports/Summer/1976/FRA/1976-RO-S-Montreal-Vol_1_III.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “[Document d’archives sur l’attribution des premiers Jeux africains à Brazzaville, Dakar, avril 1963].” https://library.olympics.com/default/Portal/basicfilesdownload.ashx?itemGuid=35049225-2F84-4717-BD29-89F62B052276.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “[Document d’archives sur la création de la Commission d’aide internationale olympique].” https://library.olympics.com/Default/basicfilesdownload.ashx?itemGuid=D62B6742-B68F-485F-A0E5-33BDF2E80861.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “[Document sur les premiers Jeux africains, Brazzaville, juillet 1965].” https://library.olympics.com/Default/basicfilesdownload.ashx?itemGuid=340D61C1-5091-46CA-9C5D-608F3B0FACAC.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “IOC Members.” Lausanne: CIO. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/International-Olympic-Committee/Factsheets/IOC-members.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique, Solidarité olympique. Moving Forward: 2011 Report. Lausanne: CIO, n.d. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/IOC/Who-We-Are/Commissions/Olympic-Solidarity/2011-Report-Moving-Forward.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Commonwealth Oral History Project. “Abraham Ordia.” July 7, 2015. https://commonwealthoralhistories.org/explandict/abraham-ordia/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Conseil de l’Europe, programme Cités interculturelles. “Progress Report on the Work of the Municipal Administration of Montreal to Fight against Systemic Racism and Systemic Discrimination.” https://www.coe.int/en/web/interculturalcities/-/progress-report-on-the-work-of-the-municipal-administration-of-montreal-to-fight-against-systemic-racism-and-systemic-discrimination.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- États-Unis, Department of State, Office of the Historian. “Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference), 1955.” In Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations. n.d. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/bandung-conf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- États-Unis, Department of State, Office of the Historian. “The Olympic Boycott, 1980.” https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/qfp/104481.htm.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- “Fonds Comité organisateur des Jeux olympiques de 1976.” n.d. E46. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Montréal).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- “Fonds du Comité organisateur des Jeux olympiques de Montréal.” n.d. MG 28, I 346. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (Ottawa).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- “Fonds du ministère des Affaires extérieures.” n.d. RG 25, vol. 9058-9063. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (Ottawa).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- “Fonds Roger Rousseau.” n.d. MG 31, E 66. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (Ottawa).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- “Fonds Sport Canada.” n.d. RG 29, vol. 1521-1548. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (Ottawa).Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Gould, Raphael. “Olympic Games – Montreal 1976 – July 21-24: South African Hospitality and Information Center; SAN-ROC’s Efforts in Support of South Africa’s Expulsion from World Sporting Federations; ACOA Presence; All Day Seminar on Apartheid and Sport.” 1976. https://africanactivist.msu.edu/recordFiles/210-849-19973/ACOAOlympics76.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Groupe des 77. “What Is the Group of 77.” https://www.g77.org/geninfo/whatis77.htm.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH). “Archives: Oral History Audio Recordings.” https://isoh.org/archives-oral-history-audio-recordings/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Mbaye, Kéba. The International Olympic Committee and South Africa: Analysis and Illustration of a Humanist Sports Policy. Lausanne: Comité international olympique, 1995.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Mzali, Mohamed. “I Am Sorry about the Boycott….” Revue Olympique, nos. 107–108 (1976): 464.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Mzali, Mohamed. Un Premier ministre de Bourguiba témoigne. Mémoires. Paris: Jean Picollec, 2004. https://fr.scribd.com/document/515794226/Mohamed-Mzali-Un-premier-ministre-de-Bourguiba-temoigne.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nations unies. Convention internationale contre l’apartheid dans les sports. 1985. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-10&chapter=4&clang=_en.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nations unies. “Growth in United Nations Membership.” https://www.un.org/en/about-us/growth-in-un-membership.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision. “Insight. 1981, Playing the Game, Springbok Controversy. Part 2.” 1981. https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/search-use-collection/search/204081/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Organisation de l’unité africaine, Conseil des ministres. “Résolution CM/Res.488 (XXVII).” Port-Louis, July 1976. https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/91/OAU_PUB_18_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Organisation de l’unité africaine, Conseil supérieur du sport en Afrique. “Mémorandum CM/235.” https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/7284/CM%20235%20_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Organizing Committee of the Games of the XXI Olympiad (COJO). Games of the XXI Olympiad, Montréal 1976: Official Report. 3. Ottawa: COJO, 1978. https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/Official%20Past%20Games%20Reports/Summer/1976/ENG/1976-RO-S-Montreal-Vol_1_I.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Parc olympique. Rapport annuel 2024-2025. Montréal: Régie des installations olympiques, 2025. https://parcolympique.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/RapportAnnuel_2024-2025_COMPLET_FINAL.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Parcs Canada. Cadre pour l’histoire et la commémoration. n.d. https://parcs.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/cadre-framework.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec. “Mois de l’histoire des Noirs.” https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/mois-histoire-des-noirs.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, ministère de la Culture et des Communications. “Foire aux questions.” In Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. n.d. https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/redirection.do?go=faq.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, ministère de la Culture et des Communications. “Jeux olympiques de Montréal.” In Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. n.d. https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=25920&type=pge.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, ministère de la Culture et des Communications. “Parc olympique.” In Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. n.d. https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=194953&type=bien.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, ministère de la Culture et des Communications. “Patrimoine culturel : 2 nouvelles désignations pour célébrer avec fierté notre histoire.” 2026. https://www.quebec.ca/nouvelles/actualites/details/patrimoine-culturel-2-nouvelles-designations-pour-celebrer-avec-fierte-notre-histoire-72140.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, ministère de la Culture et des Communications. Proposition de statut : désignation d’un personnage ou d’un événement historique. n.d. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/culture-communications/documents/patrimoine/FO-designation-personnage-evenement-MCC.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Québec, Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. “Tableau de bord des projets d’infrastructure : Stade olympique.” https://www.tresor.gouv.qc.ca/infrastructures-publiques/tableau-de-bord/53-p1.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Royaume-Uni, Chambre des communes. “Gleneagles Agreement.” In Hansard. July 31, 1981. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1981/jul/31/gleneagles-agreement.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Secrétariat du Commonwealth. “From the Archive: Gleneagles Agreement on Sport.” https://thecommonwealth.org/news/archive-gleneagles-agreement-sport.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sport Canada. Toward a National Policy on Amateur Sport: A Working Paper. Ottawa: Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, 1977.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Union africaine. “The Pan-Africanist Movement and the Road to Liberation.” https://oau60.au.int/en/pan-africanist-movement-and-road-liberation.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ville de Montréal. “50e anniversaire des Jeux olympiques de Montréal : les partenaires lancent une programmation festive et rassembleuse.” 2026. https://montreal.ca/communiques-de-presse/50e-anniversaire-des-jeux-olympiques-de-montreal-les-partenaires-lancent-une-programmation-festive.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ville de Montréal. “Comité consultatif en reconnaissance.” https://montreal.ca/unites/comite-consultatif-en-reconnaissance.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ville de Montréal. “Le Village olympique d’hier à aujourd’hui.” In Mémoires des Montréalais. n.d. https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/memoiresdesmontrealais/le-village-olympique-dhier-aujourdhui.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ville de Montréal, Conseil du patrimoine de Montréal. “La notion de patrimoine.” https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=6377,63873579&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ville de Montréal, Service de l’urbanisme et de la mobilité, Division du patrimoine. Cadre d’intervention en reconnaissance : cérémonie commémorative, commémoration matérielle, toponymie, identification et citation. 2021. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/COMMISSIONS_PERM_V2_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/DOC_REC_20210528.PDF.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- WNYC. “Today in History: Munich Massacre.” September 6, 1972. https://wnyc.org/story/87260-today-in-history-munich-massacre.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Books and chapters (40)
- Association des comités nationaux olympiques d’Afrique (ACNOA). L’Afrique aux Jeux olympiques. 2nd ed. Abuja: ACNOA, n.d. https://www.calameo.com/books/00279302205558844882b.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Auf der Maur, Nick. The Billion-Dollar Game: Jean Drapeau and the 1976 Olympics. Toronto: James Lorimer, 1976.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Bancel, Nicolas, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles Boëtsch, Daphné Bolz, Yvan Gastaut, Sandrine Lemaire, and Stéphane Mourlane, eds. Une histoire mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024). Paris: Atlande, 2023. https://achac.com/programme/sports-et-diversites/publication/une-histoire-mondiale-de-lolympisme-1896-2024.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Bigalke, Zachary R. “The Birth of the Springboks.” In Sports in African History, Politics, and Identity Formation, edited by Michael J. Gennaro and Saheed Aderinto, 152–66. Londres: Routledge, 2019.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Black, David R., and John Nauright. Rugby and the South African Nation: Sport, Cultures, Politics and Power in the Old and New South Africas. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Black, David R., and Byron Peacock. “Sport and Diplomacy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, 708–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Bolsmann, Chris. “Entrenching Apartheid Football and Failed Sports Diplomacy: Recalcitrance, Reform, and Retreat, 1951-1977.” In Soccer Diplomacy: International Relations and Football since 1914, edited by Heather L. Dichter. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179513.001.0001.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Booth, Douglas. The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa. Londres: Frank Cass, 1998.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Bothwell, Robert. Alliance and Illusion: Canada and the World, 1945-1984. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Bouchet, Patrick, and Mohammed Kaach, eds. Afrique francophone et développement du sport : du mythe à la réalité ? Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004. https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782296356764_A24219668/preview-9782296356764_A24219668.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Brosseau, Louis. Les athlètes africains sur la place Rouge : Jeux olympiques de Moscou, guerre froide et diplomatie sportive. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2026.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Catsam, Derek Charles. “Rugby Transformation as Alibi: Thoughts on Craven and Coetzee.” In Sports in Africa, Past and Present, edited by Todd Cleveland, Tarminder Kaur, and Gerard Akindes, 233–48. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2020.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Cleveland, Todd. Africa and the Olympics: Winning Away from the Podium. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2024. https://dhjhkxawhe8q4.cloudfront.net/ohio-wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/19102358/Cleveland_AfricaOlympics_Introduction.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- D’Agati, Philip A. The Cold War and the 1984 Olympic Games: A Soviet-American Surrogate War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Dubinsky, Karen, Adele Perry, and Henry Yu. “Introduction: Canadian History, Transnational History.” In Within and Without the Nation: Canadian History as Transnational History, edited by Karen Dubinsky, Adele Perry, and Henry Yu, 3–24. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Dufraisse, Sylvain. Une histoire sportive de la guerre froide. Paris: Nouveau Monde éditions, 2023.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Griffin, Danielle. “The Political and Diplomatic Legacy of the Montréal Olympics.” In Routledge Handbook of Sport and Legacy: Meeting the Challenge of Major Sports Events, edited by Richard Holt and Dino Ruta, 301–12. Londres: Routledge, 2015.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Guttmann, Allen. The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Hain, Peter. Don’t Play with Apartheid: The Background to the Stop the Seventy Tour Campaign. Londres: George Allen & Unwin, 1971.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Harvey, Jean, and Hart Cantelon, eds. Not Just a Game: Essays in Canadian Sport Sociology. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Hershberg, James. “Breaking the Ice: Alexei Kosygin and the Secret Background of the 1972 Hockey Summit Series.” In The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War, edited by Robert Edelman and Christopher Young, 59–72. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Hiller, Harry. “The Olympics as an Iconic Event: The Question of National Unity and the Vancouver 2010 Games.” In How Canadians Communicate V: Sports, edited by David Taras and Christopher Waddell, 157–73. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2016.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Hulme, Derick L. The Political Olympics: Moscow, Afghanistan, and the 1980 U.S. Boycott. New York: Praeger, 1990.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Keys, Barbara J. “The Early Cold War Olympics, 1952-1960: Political, Economic and Human Rights Dimensions.” In East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War, edited by Stephen Wagg and David L. Andrews, 19–40. Londres: Routledge, 2007.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Killanin, Lord. My Olympic Years. Londres: Secker & Warburg, 1983.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Kobierecki, Michał Marcin. Sports Diplomacy: Sports in the Diplomatic Activities of States and Non-State Actors. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Lapchick, Richard E. The Politics of Race and International Sport: The Case of South Africa. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson. The Olympic Games: A Critical Approach. Bingley: Emerald Publishing, 2020.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Macintosh, Donald, and Michael Hawes. Sport and Canadian Diplomacy. Montréal et Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Macintosh, Donald, and David Whitson. The Game Planners: Transforming Canada’s Sport System. Montréal et Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Mason, Courtney W. “The Bridge to Change: The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, South African Apartheid Policy, and the Olympic Boycott Paradigm.” In Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games, edited by Gerald P. Schaus and Stephen R. Wenn, 283–96. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. https://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/Books/O/Onward-to-the-Olympics.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Murray, Stuart. Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. Londres: Routledge, 2018.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Richards, Trevor. Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and Racism. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 1999.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Rider, Toby C. Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olympics, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dropping-the-torch/69E05864542D18300A049DADE8C7BAF2.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Scherer, Jay. “The Cold War and the (Re)Articulation of Canadian National Identity: The 1972 Canada-USSR Summit Series.” In East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War, edited by Stephen Wagg and David L. Andrews, 163–86. Londres: Routledge, 2007.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Thibault, Lucie, and Katherine Babiak. “Athlete Development and Support.” In Sport Policy in Canada, edited by Lucie Thibault and Jean Harvey, 147–76. Ottawa: Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, 2013. https://books.openedition.org/uop/706?lang=en.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Thibault, Lucie, and Jean Harvey, eds. Sport Policy in Canada. Ottawa: Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, 2013.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Thomas, Damion L. Globetrotting: African American Athletes and Cold War Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Toohey, Kristine, and A. J. Veal. The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20083095699.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Theses (7)
- Al-Tauqi, Mansour S. “Olympic Solidarity: Global Order and the Diffusion of Modern Sport between 1961 to 1980.” Thèse de doctorat, Loughborough University, 2003. https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/thesis/Olympic_solidarity_global_order_and_the_diffusion_of_modern_sport_between_1961_to_1980/9608756.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Camara, Pascal Mamudou. “A Divided House: The Foundation and Evolution of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa, 1965-2013.” Notice catalographique, Bibliothèque olympique mondiale, CIO, n.d. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/2955046/a-divided-house-the-foundation-and-evolution-of-the-supreme-council-for-sport-in-africa-1965-2013-pa?_lg=en-GB.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Camara, Pascal Mamudou. “In Making (a United) Africa? The Role of the African Games in the Formation of African Identity, 1965-1995.” Thèse de doctorat, German Sport University Cologne, 2024.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Charitas, Pascal. “L’Afrique au Mouvement olympique : enjeux, stratégies et influences de la France dans l’internationalisation du sport africain (1944-1966).” Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris-Sud 11, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00833807v1/file/ThA_se_Pascal_Charitas_final.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Hoy, David C. “The Proposed African Boycott of the XI Commonwealth Games.” University of Alberta, 1979. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Proposed_African_Boycott_of_the_XI_C.html?id=aYEA0gEACAAJ.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ivey, James Alexander. “From Montreal to Moscow: The Legacy of the Anti-Apartheid Olympics on the Boycott of the Cold War Games (1976-1980).” Thèse de doctorat, University of California San Diego, 2024. https://escholarship.org/content/qt1sw7z4wk/qt1sw7z4wk.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Stevens, Simon. “Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History.” Thèse de doctorat, Columbia University, 2016.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
Scholarly articles (53)
- Alegi, Peter, and Chris Bolsmann. “From Apartheid to Unity: White Capital and Black Power in the Racial Integration of South African Football, 1976-1992.” African Historical Review 42, no. 1 (2010): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17532523.2010.483783.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Beamish, Rob, and Ian Ritchie. “From Chivalrous ‘Brothers-in-Arms’ to the Eligible Athlete: Changed Principles and the IOC’s Banned Substance List.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39, no. 4 (2004): 355–71.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Black, David. “Dreaming Big: The Pursuit of ‘Second Order’ Games as a Strategic Response to Globalization.” Sport in Society 11, no. 4 (2008): 467–78.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Booth, Douglas. “Hitting Apartheid for Six? The Politics of the South African Sports Boycott.” Journal of Contemporary History 38, no. 3 (2003): 477–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009403038003008.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Bumbaru, Dinu. “Montréal Olympic Park (1976): A Living Heritage (or the Rediscovery of an Unloved Giant That Hosted Heroic Moments).” ICOMOS – Hefte Des Deutschen Nationalkomitees 76 (2021): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.11588/ih.2020.1.84602.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Cha, Victor D. “A Theory of Sport and Politics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 11 (2009): 1581–610.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Chapman, Jessica M. “Running to School: U.S.-Kenyan Athletic Pipelines in the 1970s.” Diplomatic History 48, no. 1 (2024): 20–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhad059.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Charitas, Pascal. “L’unité du monde sportif africain face à l’olympisme : influences et interdépendances dans la création du Conseil supérieur du sport en Afrique (1960-1966).” Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique, no. 158 (2023): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.4000/chrhc.22511.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Clément, Dominique. “The Transformation of Security Planning for the Olympics: The 1976 Montreal Games.” Terrorism and Political Violence 29, no. 1 (2017): 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.987342.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Cornelissen, Scarlett. “Resolving ‘the South Africa Problem’: Transnational Activism, Ideology and Race in the Olympic Movement, 1960-91.” International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 1 (2011): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.525312.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ford-Eriksson, Michelle, and Anthony Edgar. “Baden-Baden 1981: The Athletes’ Voice.” Journal of Olympic History 29, no. 3 (2021). https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/JOH-3.21_OK_comp_screen.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Grix, Jonathan, and Barrie Houlihan. “Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nation’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012).” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 16, no. 4 (2014): 572–96.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Henry, Ian, and Mansour Al-Tauqi. “The Development of Olympic Solidarity: West and Non-West (Core and Periphery) Relations in the Olympic World.” International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 3 (2008): 355–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360701739770.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Horne, John, and Wolfram Manzenreiter. “An Introduction to the Sociology of Sports Mega-Events.” Sociological Review 54, no. 2 (2006): 1–24.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Ivey, James Alexander. “‘Welcome, Ali, Please Go Home’: Muhammad Ali as Diplomat and African Debates on the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott.” African Studies Review 66, no. 2 (2023): 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2022.111.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Kidd, Bruce. “The Campaign against Sport in South Africa.” International Journal 43, no. 4 (1988): 643–64. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/the-campaign-against-sport-874294513.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Kidd, Bruce. “The Culture Wars of the Montreal Olympics.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 27, no. 2 (1992): 151–64.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Kidd, Bruce. “The Toronto Olympic Commitment: Towards a Social Contract for the Olympic Games.” Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 1 (1992): 154–67.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Kobierecki, Michał Marcin. “Boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games as an Example of Political Play-Acting of the Cold War Superpowers.” Polish Political Science Yearbook 44 (2015): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2015008.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Kobierecki, Michał Marcin. “Sport in International Relations: Expectations, Possibilities and Effects.” International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 15, no. 1 (2013): 49–74. https://doi.org/10.2478/ipcj-2013-0004.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Krieger, Jörg. “The Evolution of Rule of Law in the Olympic Movement and the International Olympic Committee’s Shift toward Legal Expertise (1972-1994).” International Sports Law Journal 25, no. 3 (2025): 155–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-025-00296-x.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Little, Charles. “Preventing ‘A Wonderful Break-Through for Rhodesia’: The British Government and the Exclusion of Rhodesia from the 1968 Mexico Olympics.” Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 14 (2005). https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/4390/download.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Lotter, Duncan. “Rediscovering the South African Games: A Neglected Chapter in South African Sports History.” Historia 70, no. 1 (2025): 45–73. https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2025/v70n1a3.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Macintosh, Donald, and Michael Hawes. “The IOC and the World of Interdependence.” Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 3 (1994): 1–19.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- MacLean, Malcolm. “Revisiting (and Revising?) Sports Boycotts: From Rugby against South Africa to Soccer in Israel.” International Journal of the History of Sport 31, no. 15 (2014): 1832–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2014.934680.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Mahoney, Anne. “Compte Rendu de Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games.” Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games. Electronic Antiquity 11, no. 2 (n.d.). https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V11N2/Mahoney.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Martinache, Igor. “Compte rendu de Une histoire mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024).” Une Histoire Mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024). Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique, no. 158 (2023). https://journals.openedition.org/chrhc/22816.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- McDougall, Hamish. “‘The Whole World’s Watching’: New Zealand, International Opinion, and the 1981 Springbok Rugby Tour.” Journal of Sport History 45, no. 2 (2018): 202–23. https://doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.45.2.0202.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Monnin, Éric, and Catherine Monnin. “Le boycott politique des Jeux olympiques de Montréal.” Relations internationales, no. 134 (2008): 93–114.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Mustikawati, Retno. “The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) 1963: The Olympics of the Left.” International Journal of Culture and History 6, no. 2 (2020). https://www.ijch.net/vol6/144-ED5006.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nixon, Rob. “Apartheid on the Run: The South African Sports Boycott.” Transition, no. 58 (1992): 68–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2934968.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Njororai, Wycliffe W. Simiyu. “Analysis of Kenya’s Performance at the Olympic Games in Track and Field (1956-2016), Reasons for Success and the Need for Event Diversification.” Kenya Studies Review 8, no. 1 (2020). https://kessa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Njororai.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olaleye, Olugbile David. “Sports as an Instrument of Foreign Policy under the Military Rule in Nigeria: 1976-1996.” African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 6, no. 2 (2023): 125–38. https://doi.org/10.52589/AJLPRA-OWS2LXU8.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Payne, Andrew. “Sport, Diplomacy and International Relations.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 1, no. 3 (2006): 177–80.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Pei, Dongguang. “A Question of Names: The Solution to the ‘Two Chinas’ Issue in Modern Olympic History: The Final Phase, 1971-1984.” https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/13582/download.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Pound, Richard W. “Side-Swiped: The IOC and the China Issue at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games.” Journal of Olympic History 20, no. 1 et n° 2 (2012). https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/JOH-Archives/JOHv20n1j.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Pyo, Sungsoo, Raymond Cook, and Richard L. Howell. “Summer Olympic Tourist Market: Learning from the Past.” Tourism Management 9, no. 2 (1988): 137–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(88)90023-4.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Rademeyer, Cobus. “‘No Normal Sport in an Abnormal Society’: Sports Isolation and the Struggle against Apartheid in South African Sport, 1980-1992.” Journal for Contemporary History 25, no. 1 (2000): 17–41. https://doi.org/10.38140/sjch.v25i1.4092.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Révauger, Guilène. “The Commonwealth Games: A Sporting Encounter Just for the Sport of It?” Alizés : Revue Angliciste de La Réunion, 2023. https://univ-reunion.hal.science/hal-04349553/document.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Rice, Andrew. “Canada and the 1980 Moscow Olympics Boycott.” Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 31 (2022): 30–42. https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/23186/download.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Rider, Toby C., and Matthew P. Llewellyn. “‘Every Practical Step’: The Gleneagles Agreement and Sporting Links with Apartheid South Africa during the Thatcher Years.” Journal of Policy History 38, no. 2 (2026): 161–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030625100560.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Roult, Romain, and Sylvain Lefebvre. “Planning and Reconversion of Olympic Heritages: The Montreal Olympic Stadium.” International Journal of the History of Sport 27, nos. 16–18 (2010): 2731–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.508257.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Roult, Romain, Sylvain Lefebvre, and Jean-Marc Adjizian. “Régénération urbaine et développement territorial par le sport : le cas du Parc olympique de Montréal.” Norois, no. 230 (2014): 57–72. https://doi.org/10.4000/norois.5020.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Seteolu, Bamidele, and James Okuneye. “The Struggle for Hegemony in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa Relations in Perspectives, 1999-2014.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 11, no. 3 (2017): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR2016.0899.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sikes, Michelle M. “African Precedents: Southern Africa and Olympic Ultimatums, 1968-1976.” Journal of Olympic Studies 7, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.7.1.02.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sikes, Michelle. “Ousting South Africa: Olympic Clashes of 1968.” Acta Academica 50, no. 2 (2018): 12–33. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150479/aa50i2.1.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sikes, Michelle. “Print Media and the History of Women’s Sport in Africa: The Kenyan Case of Barriers to International Achievement.” History in Africa 43 (2016): 323–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2015.28.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Smith, Maureen. “Examining ‘The Rhodesian Affair’: The IOC and African Politics in the 1970s.” In The Body Politic and the Olympic Games. n.d. https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/13613/download.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Strong, R. A. “Compte Rendu de Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War.” Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War. Journal of American History 98, no. 2 (2011): 587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar198.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Tirop, Chepchirchir. “Building Legacy: Sports, Kasarani Stadium, and Moi’s Transnational Populist Politics, 1978-87.” Journal of African History 66 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853725100698.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Wassong, Stephan. “The International Olympic Committee’s Tripartite Commission and Its Influence on the Foundation of the Athletes’ Commission.” International Journal of the History of Sport 35, no. 9 (2018): 836–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2018.1471064.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Wenn, Stephen R. “A Tale of Two Diplomats: George S. Messersmith and Charles H. Sherrill on Proposed American Participation in the 1936 Olympics.” Journal of Sport History 16, no. 1 (1989): 27–43.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Whitson, David, and Donald Macintosh. “The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism, and the Marketing of Cities.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20, no. 3 (1996): 278–95.Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
Reports (5)
- Budzier, Alexander, and Bent Flyvbjerg. The Oxford Olympics Study 2024: Are Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games Coming Down? Document de travail. 2024. https://ktproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/The-Oxford-Olympics-Study-2024-Are-Cost-and-Cost-Overrun-at-the-Games-Coming-Down.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Flyvbjerg, Bent, Allison Stewart, and Alexander Budzier. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Document de travail, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. 2016. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.04484v1.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Lapchick, Richard E. Sports Apartheid in 1977: New Names for Old Games. ACCESS Background Paper. 1977. https://africanactivist.msu.edu/recordFiles/210-849-27243/african_activist_archive-a0a9u1-a_12419.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Maron, Samuel. From Los Angeles 1984 to the Bid for Los Angeles 2024/2028. Rapport final, Bourse de recherche pour doctorants du Centre d’études olympiques du CIO. 2018. https://library.olympics.com/digitalCollection/DigitalCollectionAttachmentDownloadHandler.ashx?parentDocumentId=184897&documentId=184900&skipWatermark=true&skipCopyright=true.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Orlov, Igor B. Games of the XXII Olympiad as an Instrument of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy. Document de travail WP BRP 182/HUM/2019. Moscou: Higher School of Economics, 2019. https://wp.hse.ru/data/2019/11/19/1533788418/182HUM2019.pdf.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Essays and popular writing (17)
- Bancel, Nicolas. “Boycott des Jeux olympiques de Montréal en 1976 : l’émergence d’une puissance africaine ?” The Conversation, June 13, 2024. https://theconversation.com/boycott-des-jeux-olympiques-de-montreal-en-1976-lemergence-dune-force-africaine-231080.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Bancel, Nicolas. “Olympics and Politics: How a Massacre in South Africa Led to Africa’s Boycott of the 1976 Games.” The Conversation, June 13, 2024. https://theconversation.com/olympics-and-politics-how-a-massacre-in-south-africa-led-to-africas-boycott-of-the-1976-games-231623.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- “Dick Pound Shares His Olympic Memories.” Canada’s History, n.d. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/arts-culture-society/dick-pound-shares-his-memories-of-montreal-76.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Clément, Dominique. “How Security at the 1976 Montréal Summer Games Set a Precedent for Future Olympics.” The Conversation, January 9, 2024. https://theconversation.com/how-security-at-the-1976-montreal-summer-games-set-a-precedent-for-future-olympics-220591.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Dupuis, Serge. “The Morning After.” Shared Histories Canada, n.d. https://sharedhistories.ca/amik-olympics/historical-content/50-years-later/morning-after/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- EBSCO. “Olympic Games of 1976.” Research Starters: Sports and Leisure, n.d. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/sports-and-leisure/olympic-games-1976.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Frequency News. “Apartheid and the Montreal Olympics: A 50 Year Retrospective w/ Bruce Kidd.” August 20, 2026. https://www.frequencynews.ca/news/apartheid-and-the-montreal-olympics-a-50-year-retrospective-w-bruce-kidd/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Histoire Canada. “L’héritage durable des Jeux olympiques de 1976 à Montréal.” July 31, 2026. https://www.histoirecanada.ca/consulter/entreprises-et-industrie/l-heritage-durable-des-jeux-olympiques-de-1976-a-montreal.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Histoires de chez nous. “The Boycott.” Beyond the Games – Montreal’s Olympic Story. https://www.histoiresdecheznous.ca/v3/olympiques-montreal-1976-olympics/en/story/the-boycott/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- History Workshop. “Boycotting the Olympics.” September 5, 2024. https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/sport/boycotting-the-olympics/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- MacLean, Malcolm. “Reclaiming the 1976 Montreal Boycott from Olympic Marginalisation.” Idrottsforum.Org – Forumbloggen, February 15, 2022. https://idrottsforum.org/forumbloggen/reclaiming-the-1976-montreal-boycott-from-olymic-marginalisation/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Moreau, Nicolas. “Jeux olympiques de Montréal : cinquante ans après, les correspondances inédites.” The Conversation, October 15, 2026. https://theconversation.com/jeux-olympiques-de-montreal-cinquante-ans-apres-les-correspondances-inedites-291012.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Options politiques. “Own the Podium or Rent It? Canada’s Involvement in the Global Sporting Arms Race.” Policy Options / Options Politiques, December 2009. https://policyoptions.irpp.org/2009/12/own-the-podium-or-rent-it-canadas-involvement-in-the-global-sporting-arms-race/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Redacció Fosbury. “Montreal 76: Un boicot que va canviar el món.” Fosbury, July 17, 2019. https://fosbury.cat/fosbudiary/jocs-olimpics/montreal-76-un-boicot-que-va-canviar-el-mon/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Richards, Trevor. “The Sunday Essay: The 1976 Montreal Boycott.” The Spinoff, December 12, 2021. https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/12-12-2021/the-sunday-essay-the-1976-montreal-boycott.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. “Jimmy Carter’s Disastrous Olympic Boycott.” Politico Magazine, February 9, 2014. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/02/carter-olympic-boycott-1980-103308/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ubani, Princewill. “The African Boycott of the 1976 Montreal Olympics.” Provenance Africa, July 24, 2026. https://provenanceafrica.com/history/articles/african-boycott-1976-montreal-olympics/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Period press (1961-1991) (25)
- Baltimore Sun. “S. Africa, after 21 Years, Is Readmitted to Olympics.” July 10, 1991. https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/07/10/s-africa-after-21-years-is-readmitted-to-olympics-2/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- BBC On This Day. “1972: Rhodesia Out of Olympics.” August 22, 1972. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/22/newsid_3549000/3549444.stm.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- BBC On This Day. “1976: African Countries Boycott Olympics.” July 17, 1976. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3555000/3555450.stm.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Der Spiegel. “‘Ich schäme mich, Afrikaner zu sein.’” July 25, 1976. https://www.spiegel.de/sport/ich-schaeme-mich-afrikaner-zu-sein-a-2e93d4e5-0002-0001-0000-000041157620.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Deseret News. “Kenyan Runner Leads Top Field into 92nd Running of Boston Marathon.” April 17, 1988. https://www.deseret.com/1988/4/17/18763714/kenyan-runner-leads-top-field-into-92nd-running-of-boston-marathon/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Research list (SSHRC)Permalink
- Le Monde. “Une compétition dont l’histoire est liée à l’évolution politique d’un continent.” January 9, 1973. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1973/01/09/une-competition-dont-l-histoire-est-liee-a-l-evolution-politique-d-un-continent_2558156_1819218.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Le Monde. “Vingt-quatre pays représentés aux Jeux d’Abidjan.” December 22, 1961. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1961/12/22/vingt-quatre-pays-representes-aux-jeux-d-abidjan_2279980_1819218.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Los Angeles Times. “Five Conditions Set for South Africa: Olympics: If Deadline Is Met, Expelled Country Could Compete in 1992 Games.” March 28, 1991. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-28-sp-1296-story.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “ABC Will Spend $25 Million for Summer Olympics Rights.” January 4, 1973. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/04/archives/ab-c-will-spend-25million-for-summer-olympics-rights-40million.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Africa Sportsmen Seeking a Compromise on Boycott.” July 22, 1976. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/22/archives/africa-sportsmen-seeking-a-compromise-on-boycott.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Canada Softens on Taiwan; Start of Olympics Assured.” July 16, 1976. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/16/archives/canada-softens-on-taiwan-start-of-olympics-assured-canada-yields.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Olympic Games Lose 17 Nations; Withdrawal Led by African Countries.” July 20, 1976. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/20/archives/olympic-games-lose-17-nations-withdrawal-led-by-african-countries.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Olympics Exclude Rhodesia.” May 23, 1975. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/23/archives/olympics-exclude-rhodesia-rhodesia-barred-by-olympic-unit.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Rhodesia Out of Olympics after a Dispute on Racism.” August 23, 1972. https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/23/archives/rhodesia-out-of-olympics-after-a-dispute-on-racism-rhodesia-is.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Samaranch of Spain New I.O.C. President.” July 17, 1980. https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/17/archives/samaranch-of-spain-new-ioc-president-african-vice-president.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “South Africa Expelled by Track Body.” July 23, 1976. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/23/archives/south-africa-expelled-by-track-body-south-africa-is-expelled-by.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “South Africa Is Suspended by U.N. Assembly, 91-22.” November 13, 1974. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/13/archives/south-africa-is-suspended-by-un-assembly-9122-un-session-barssouth.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “South Africa’s Ban from Olympics Confirmed.” April 25, 1968. https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/25/archives/south-africas-ban-from-olympics-confirmed-bid-is-withdrawn-after.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New York Times. “Tanzania, an Emerging Nation, Makes Strides through Sports.” March 3, 1976. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/03/archives/tanzania-an-emerging-nation-makes-strides-through-sports-tanzania.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- United Press International. “Canada Imposes Sports Sanctions against South Africa.” July 8, 1985. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/07/08/Canada-imposes-sports-sanctions-against-South-Africa/7731489643200/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- United Press International. “Commonwealth Games Chairman Bills Boycotting Countries.” August 23, 1986. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/23/Commonwealth-Games-chairman-bills-boycotting-countries/5325525153600/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Washington Post. “142 Countries Accept Invitations to L.A. Olympics.” June 5, 1984. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1984/06/05/142-countries-accept-invitations-to-la-olympics/c2bc90a3-5fa8-43fe-9d1e-53cb0d13e729/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Contemporary media (34)
- Aiyejina, Tana. “Montreal Olympics Boycott, My Most Shattering Experience — Odegbami.” Punch, July 11, 2023. https://punchng.com/montreal-olympics-boycott-my-most-shattering-experience-odegbami/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Amatropics. “How Team Nigeria Boycotted 1976 Montreal Olympics in Protest against Apartheid S/Africa — Odegbami.” n.d. https://amatropics.com/how-team-nigeria-boycotted-1976-montreal-olympics-in-protest-against-apartheid-s-africa-odegbami/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- BBC Sport. “Boycotts and Broken Dreams: The 1986 Commonwealth Games.” July 14, 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/28284586.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- BBC Sport. “Edinburgh 1986: The Unfriendly Games.” July 30, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/sport/scotland/36607315.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- CBC News. “1960: The Year of Africa.” June 8, 2010. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/1960-the-year-of-africa-1.909381.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- CBC News. “Quebec’s Big Owe Stadium Debt Is Over.” December 19, 2006. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-s-big-owe-stadium-debt-is-over-1.602530.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- CBC News. “What the 1976 Montreal Games Represent to Those Who Boycotted It, 50 Years Later.” July 19, 2026. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/what-the-1976-montreal-games-represent-to-those-who-boycotted-it-50-years-later-9.7269452.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Daily News (Botswana). “Sport Ministers Dissolve SCSA.” August 7, 2013. https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/4708.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Desrosiers, Éric. “Le nouveau toit du Stade olympique bientôt hissé.” Le Devoir, October 8, 2026. https://www.ledevoir.com/actualites/transports-urbanisme/1015628/nouveau-toit-stade-olympique-bientot-hisse.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Deutsche Welle. “Spätes Erinnern an Olympia-Attentat von 1972.” September 6, 2017. https://www.dw.com/de/sp%C3%A4tes-erinnern-an-olympia-attentat-von-1972/a-40378050.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Deutschlandfunk Kultur. “Boykott wider den olympischen Geist.” n.d. https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/boykott-wider-den-olympischen-geist-102.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- FrancsJeux. “L’ACNOA fête ses 45 ans.” n.d. https://www.francsjeux.com/breves/lacnoa-fete-ses-45-ans/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Grand Québec. “Coût des Jeux olympiques : la commission Malouf.” June 9, 2011. https://grandquebec.com/montreal-histoire/commission-malouf/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- La Presse. “50 ans des Jeux de Montréal. Le rêve de Jean Drapeau.” July 13, 2026. https://www.lapresse.ca/sports/jeux-olympiques/50-ans-des-jeux-de-montreal/le-reve-de-jean-drapeau/2026-07-13/50-ans-des-jeux-de-montreal/jean-drapeau-a-tenu-tete-a-jimmy-carter.php.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- La Presse. “Rapport Malouf sur les Jeux de 1976 : la réponse du maire Drapeau rendue publique.” October 26, 2019. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2019-10-26/rapport-malouf-sur-les-jeux-de-1976-la-reponse-du-maire-drapeau-rendue-publique.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- La Presse. “Visite du Stade olympique. Le toit sera prêt en 2028. L’intérieur ? À voir.” October 8, 2026. https://www.lapresse.ca/sports/chroniques/2026-10-08/visite-du-stade-olympique/le-toit-sera-pret-en-2028-l-interieur-a-voir.php.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- La Semaine africaine. “Évocation : il y a 55 ans, les 1ers Jeux africains dans un contexte très politique.” August 30, 2020. https://lasemaineafricaine.info/evocation-il-y-a-55-ans-les-1ers-jeux-africains-dans-un-contexte-tres-politique/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Le Courrier de Kinshasa. “1ers Jeux africains : Brazzaville, haut lieu de l’Afrique….” n.d. https://www.lecourrierdekinshasa.com/node/33048.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Le Devoir. “Les JO de 1976, un catalyseur de l’émergence sportive du Québec.” 2026. https://www.ledevoir.com/sports/995414/jo-1976-catalyseur-emergence-sportive-quebec.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Le Monde. “La descente de l’Olympe.” March 17, 1999. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/03/17/la-descente-de-l-olympe_3561050_1819218.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Los Angeles Times. “Sept. 5, 1972: Day 11.” September 5, 2002. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-05-sp-munich05-story.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Los Angeles Times. “Soon to Be Ex-Expos.” September 29, 2004. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-29-sp-expos29-story.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nation (Nairobi). “[Article sur le boycottage de Moscou et le projet du complexe de Kasarani].” n.d. https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/other-sports/moscow-olympic-boycott-and-how-idea-to-build-nyayo-stadium-came-about-4891886.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nation (Nairobi). “Boit: Missing Olympics Was a Huge Blow for Rono.” n.d. https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/boit-missing-olympics-was-a-huge-blow-for-rono-4533786.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- New African. “The Rise and Fall of the Great John Akii-Bua.” February 10, 2012. https://newafricanmagazine.com/sports/athletics/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-great-john-akii-bua/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Newswire (Nouvelle-Zélande). “John Walker, the First Man to Run a Mile under 3 Minutes 50.” August 2026. https://newswire.co.nz/2026/08/john-walker-gothenburg-mile-montreal-gold-manukau-councillor/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Politico. “July 30, 1980.” July 2016. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/july-30-1980-226212.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Radio-Canada. “Le Biodôme de Montréal, un musée de la faune et de la flore.” March 23, 2018. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1091069/biodome-montreal-fermeture-travaux-renovations-tourisme-archives.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- RFI. “Sports : mort de Jean-Claude Ganga, père fondateur des Jeux africains.” March 28, 2020. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/sports/20200328-sports-mort-jean-claude-ganga-p%C3%A8re-fondateur-jeux-africains.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- The Atlantic. “The Olympics Used to Be So Politicized That Most of Africa Boycotted in 1976.” August 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/08/the-olympics-used-to-be-so-politicized-that-most-of-africa-boycotted-in-1976/260831/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- The Citizen (Dar Es Salaam). “Olympics: Reaping What We Sowed-2.” August 21, 2024. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/oped/olympics-reaping-what-we-sowed-2-4732790.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- The Globe and Mail. “Montreal’s Billion-Dollar ‘Big Owe.’” January 19, 2009. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/montreals-billion-dollar-big-owe/article1146728/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- The Guardian (Lagos). “The Sports Diplomat.” October 28, 2023. https://guardian.ng/sport/the-sports-diplomat/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- ThisDay (Lagos). “47 Years After, Air Peace to Honour Nigerian Athletes That Boycotted Montreal Olympics.” July 10, 2023. https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/07/10/47-years-after-air-peace-to-honour-nigerian-athletes-that-boycotted-montreal-olympics/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Databases and websites (57)
- Agence mondiale antidopage. “Headquarters.” https://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are/offices/headquarters.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- AIMS. “Miruts Yifter.” Distance Running, 2017. https://aims-worldrunning.org/articles/557-miruts-yifter.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Association des comités nationaux olympiques d’Afrique (ANOCA). “Frequently Asked Question (FAQ).” May 17, 2023. https://africaolympic.com/en/frequently-asked-question-faq/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- BauNetz Wissen. “Erinnerungsort Olympia-Attentat in München.” https://www.baunetzwissen.de/stadt–und-dachbegruenung/objekte/kultur-bildung/erinnerungsort-olympia-attentat-in-muenchen-9939783.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. “Ordia, Chief Abraham.” https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ordia-chief-abraham/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international des Jeux méditerranéens. “Mohamed Mzali.” 70 Years Mediterranean Games, March 3, 2021. https://www.70yearsmg.com/founders/mohamed-mzali/?lang=fr.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “A History of Olympic Solidarity.” Revue Olympique. https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/a-history-of-olympic-solidarity.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “John Akii-Bua.” https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/john-akii-bua.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “Montréal 1976 : controverses diplomatiques.” https://www.olympics.com/cio/news/controverses-diplomatiques.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “Montréal 1976 : un soutien indéfectible aux athlètes canadiens.” https://www.olympics.com/cio/news/un-soutien-indefectible-aux-athletes-canadiens.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “Montreal 1976 Turns 50: A Lasting Legacy for Canada’s First Olympic City.” 2026. https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/montreal-1976-turns-50-a-lasting-legacy-for-canada-s-first-olympic-city.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “Montreal 1976: The Economics of Montreal 1976.” https://www.olympics.com/en/news/the-economics-of-montreal-1976.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité international olympique. “Moscow 1980: Forty Years On.” July 19, 2020. https://www.olympics.com/en/news/moscow-1980-forty-years-on.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Comité olympique canadien. “Montreal’s Olympic Story Lives On.” July 17, 2026. https://olympic.ca/press/montreals-olympic-story-lives-on/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Conseil international des archives. “Comma 2015, n° 1 : Les archives en Afrique francophone subsaharienne.” Comma, 2015. https://www.ica.org/fr/comma/comma-2015-1/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Encyclopædia Universalis. “Afrique. Départ du Maroc de l’O.U.A. après l’admission de la République arabe sahraouie, 12-16 novembre 1984.” https://www.universalis.fr/evenement/12-16-novembre-1984-depart-du-maroc-de-l-o-u-a-apres-l-admission-de-la-republique-arabe-sahraouie/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Héritage Montréal. “Le Parc olympique de Montréal désigné comme lieu historique : un bon signe et un appel à faire mieux.” August 2026. https://www.heritagemontreal.org/2026/08/le-parc-olympique-de-montreal-designe-comme-lieu-historique-un-bon-signe-et-un-appel-a-faire-mieux/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Institut national du sport du Québec. “INS Québec.” https://www.insquebec.org/ins-quebec/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Medicosport. “1976 – Olympics.” https://www.medicosport.eu/en/doping-and-sports/doping-and-sports1976os.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ministère de la Nouvelle-Zélande pour la Culture et le Patrimoine. “1973 Springbok Tour.” NZHistory. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/1981-springbok-tour/1973-springbok-tour.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Ministère de la Nouvelle-Zélande pour la Culture et le Patrimoine. “John Walker Wins Gold in Montreal.” NZHistory. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/john-walker-wins-gold-in-montreal.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Montréal olympique. “Espace 50e — Aire d’exposition et de commémoration.” 2026. https://montrealolympique.ca/evenement/espace-50e-aire-dexposition-et-de-commemoration/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Montréal olympique. “Photo Exhibits: Regard Vers l’avenir and Un Regard Sur 50 Ans d’histoire, Signé Bernard Brault.” 2026. https://montrealolympique.ca/en/events/photo-exhibits-regard-vers-lavenir-and-un-regard-sur-50-ans-dhistoire-signe-bernard-breault/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Montréal olympique. “The Legacy of the 1976 Montréal Olympic Games on Sport in Québec.” January 27, 2026. https://montrealolympique.ca/en/memory-and-legacy/the-legacy-of-the-1976-montreal-olympic-games-on-sport-in-quebec/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Musée de la Banque du Canada. “Montréal 1976: The Legacy of the Olympic Coins.” https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/explore/exhibitions/special-exhibitions/montreal-1976-the-legacy-of-the-olympic-coins/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Musée McCord Stewart. “Communiqué de presse – Programmation estivale 2026.” May 6, 2026. https://www.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/fr/nouvelles/programmation-estivale-2026/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Musée McCord Stewart. “Montréal 1976 : une épreuve olympique.” 2025. https://www.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/fr/expositions/montreal-1976-epreuve-olympique/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Musée McCord Stewart. “Montréal 1976 : une épreuve olympique.” March 25, 2026. https://www.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/fr/nouvelles/montreal-1976-epreuve-olympique/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Nichols, Paula. “Olympians Turned Sports Leaders Celebrate Important Impacts of Montreal 1976.” July 13, 2026. https://olympic.ca/2026/07/13/olympians-turned-sports-leaders-celebrate-important-impacts-of-montreal-1976/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “1,500 Metres, Men.” https://www.olympedia.org/results/61675.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “1956 Summer Olympics Overview.” https://www.olympedia.org/editions/14.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “1976 Summer Olympics Overview.” https://www.olympedia.org/editions/19.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “1980 Summer Olympics Overview.” https://www.olympedia.org/editions/20.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “International Olympic Committee.” https://www.olympedia.org/organizations/1.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Jean-Claude Ganga.” https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/899134.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Kenya (KEN).” https://www.olympedia.org/countries/KEN.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Kenya at the 1972 Summer Olympics.” https://www.olympedia.org/countries/KEN/editions/18.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Mohamed Zerguini.” http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/899412.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Rhodesia (RHO).” https://www.olympedia.org/countries/RHO.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “Sir Adetokunbo Ademola.” https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/899005.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympedia. “South Africa (RSA).” https://www.olympedia.org/countries/RSA.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Olympiapark München. “Gedenkstätten des Olympia-Attentats 1972.” 2025. https://olympiapark.muenchen.de/olympiapark/gedenkst%C3%A4tten.html.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Overseas Community Affairs Council (Taïwan). “[Notice historique sur la participation de la République de Chine aux Jeux de 1976].” https://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/SubSites/Pages/Detail.aspx?site=b09686fd-4fea-4ad2-9fdb-892238e207d6&nodeid=1970&pid=66720457.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Parc olympique. “Cet été, l’art public s’invite au Parc olympique.” February 13, 2026. https://parcolympique.qc.ca/cet-ete-lart-public-sinvite-au-parc-olympique/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Parc olympique. “Espace 50e — Aire d’exposition et de commémoration.” May 6, 2026. https://parcolympique.qc.ca/quoi-faire/espace-50e-aire-dexposition-et-de-commemoration/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- San José State University. “Victory Salute.” Public Art as Resistance in San Jose. https://www.sjsu.edu/ha-public-art-tour/public-art/black-power.php.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Sporting Heroes. “Filbert Bayi – Steeplechase Silver in Moscow.” http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics/tanzania/filbert-bayi-521/steeplechase-silver-in-moscow_a07359/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- The Runner Eclectic. “Miruts Yifter’s Legacy.” December 28, 2016. https://therunnereclectic.com/2016/12/28/miruts-yifters-legacy/.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Topend Sports. “Edmonton 1978 Commonwealth Games.” https://www.topendsports.com/events/commonwealth-games/hosts/edmonton.htm.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- University of the Witwatersrand, Historical Papers Research Archive. “Football Association of South Africa (FASA).” https://researcharchives.wits.ac.za/football-association-of-south-africa-fasa?sf_culture=en.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- Wikipédia (repérage uniquement). “Athlétisme aux Jeux du Commonwealth de 1978.” https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athl%C3%A9tisme_aux_Jeux_du_Commonwealth_de_1978.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “‘The Most Uncompromising Run Ever Seen’ – Bayi’s World Record Singlet Enters MOWA.” https://worldathletics.org/heritage/news/filbert-bayi-world-record-singlet-mowa.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “Ethiopian Running Legend Miruts Yifter Dies.” 2016. https://worldathletics.org/news/news/miruts-yifter-dies.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “How Davis and Bayi Made History for Tanzania.” https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/ron-davis-filbert-bayi.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “Marking 45 Years since Rono’s World Record Spree.” 2023. https://worldathletics.org/heritage/news/henry-rono-1978-world-record-spree.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “Miruts Yifter – ‘Bekele Reminds Me of Myself.’” https://worldathletics.org/news/news/miruts-yifter-bekele-reminds-me-of-myself.Consulted by the teamPermalink
- World Athletics. “Remembering Bikila’s 1960 Olympic Marathon Victory on Its 60th Anniversary.” 2020. https://worldathletics.org/women-in-athletics/news/abebe-bikila-1960-olympic-marathon-victory.Consulted by the teamPermalink
Second-hand references (9)
- Bancel, Nicolas. “Montréal 1976, l’affirmation d’une ‘puissance africaine’ ?” In Une histoire mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024), edited by Nicolas Bancel, 239–50. Paris: Atlande, 2023.Known through citationPermalink
- Brosseau, Louis. “Moscou 1980 : la séduction olympique de l’Afrique.” Mémoire de maîtrise, Université Laval, 2024.Known through citationPermalink
- Cissé, Sylvère-Henri. “[Contribution].” In Une histoire mondiale de l’olympisme (1896-2024), edited by Nicolas Bancel. Paris: Atlande, 2023.Known through citationPermalink
- Commission d’enquête sur le coût de la 21e Olympiade (commission Malouf). Rapport. Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, 1980.Known through citationPermalink
- Espy, Richard. The Politics of the Olympic Games. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.Known through citationPermalink
- Hill, Christopher R. Olympic Politics. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.Known through citationPermalink
- Macintosh, Donald, Donna Greenhorn, and David Black. “Canadian Diplomacy and the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games.” Journal of Sport History 19 (1992): 26–55.Known through citationPermalink
- Nauright, John. Long Run to Freedom: Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa. Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology, 2010.Known through citationPermalink
- Sikes, Michelle M. Kenya’s Running Women: A History. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2023.Known through citationPermalink
IDÉES-AFRIQUE · Updated : 2026-10-24